Wild Swans by Jun Chang - 1108 Words

Jung Chang is a Chinese-born British writer that is known for her award-winning book, Wild Swans. After having several jobs at a young age, Jung Chang became an English-language student, and an assistant lecturer at Sichuan University. In 1978, Chang left China for Britain, where the University of York awarded her a scholarship. At the university, she acquired a Ph.D. in linguistics in 1982. Interestingly, Chang was the first person from the People’s Republic of China to obtain a doctorate from a British university. Jung Chang’s husband, Jon Halliday, is the collaborating author of the biography. He is an Irish historian that focuses on the history of modern Asia. Halliday was a former Senior Visiting Research Fellow at King’s College,†¦show more content†¦These secret assassinations led Mao Zedong to be a step closer of taking over China. Nevertheless, Chairman Mao was never convicted for the deaths since he was the leader of People’s Republic of China. Additionally, the authors wanted to depict the way that Mao Zedong was using his power for own personal gain. As it was written in the text, â€Å"Mao was the only millionaire created in Mao’s China.† (333) Based on the statement, Chairman Mao presumably seized all the finest items away from the people, while they suffered from the dearth of food. Also, Chang and Halliday highlighted that the chairman immensely wanted power by contacting Soviet Union’s leader, Joseph Stalin. Gaining ‘support’ and approval from Soviet Union would help establishing Chairman Mao’s rank among the Chinese regime. Although, Mao was not the only individual that Joseph Stalin worked with. Based on the information, Mao Zedong noticed a huge opportunity that could boost up his position that the authors emphasized. Mao: The Unknown Story was a remarkable and dramatizing biography of Mao Zedong. Jung Chang and Jon Halliday depicted China’s chairman as piti less leader that was behind the majority of the slaughters under his rule. The effects that Mao left on China were astonishing to learn about. Mao’s philosophy was the strangest thought that did not function properly as it should have. Cravings for absolute power made Chairman Mao to become a vicious tyrant. Mao Zedong’s impact on China was an

To what extent can the existence of social order be...

Social order can be defined as a stable system of s social institutions that bring about the regular patterns of shared,stable and predictable behavior.It refers to a set of linked social structures ,social institutions,social practices which conserve,maintain and enforce normal way of relating and behaving,Functionalist theory assumes that a certain degree of order and stability is essential for the survival of social systems.Without it,society may expose to chaos and disorder.An example showing that society cannot function due to chaos is the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina,looting ,violence and other criminal activity become rampant in the state of confusion and lawlessness.Therefore,social order is essential for society to function in†¦show more content†¦Nevertheless,functionalists who see the solution to the problem of social order in terms of value consensus,have been strongly criticized.Their critics argue that consensus is assumed rather than shown to exist.Secondly, the stability of society may owe more to the absence,rather that the presence of value consensus.They described society inShow MoreRelatedTracing Theoretical Approaches to Crime and Social Control: from Functionalism to Postmodernism16559 Words   |  67 Pagesin particular, Mike Trask, Joanni Hache, Caroline Trudel, and Alex Wilson; to my best friend Nicole Prime, your continuous friendship and educational assistance is appreciated more than words can express; to Dr. Jim Brittain for your influential insight into Karl Marx and the capitalistic social order; thank you to my second thesis supervisor, Dr. Anthony Thomson, for your unwavering patience, which afforded me a space of peace and tranquility that guided me through the thesis process; and finallyRead MoreThe Speech Community.Pdf11808 Words   |  48 PagesThis paper traces its history of development contemporary and notions, divergence, and discusses surveys links general to problems key issues with in The speech community (SpCom), a core concept in investigating language variation and change. 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Colorblind Free Essays

Desire was a young bride that was adopted with no connection to the past that marries a successful Louisianan plantation owner. Desire and Armband have a baby, but something isn’t quite right with him because at about three months of age the truth comes out, the baby has African origins causing the marriage to dissolve. Armband’s accusation leads to heartache and tragedy because he valued his family name more than his family. We will write a custom essay sample on Colorblind or any similar topic only for you Order Now Having a mulatto in those times was not unheard of, but not in â€Å"his† family. The cultural system is flawed because it leads to pride being challenged and personal humiliation of social system based on white supremacy and the oppression f women and people of color. Waits 2 Armband’s misogynistic pride was destructive to the faithful relationship that Desire and he shared in the beginning. It seems that Armband wasn’t really in love with Desire, at least not truly. â€Å"Armband Abusing riding by seeing her there had fallen in love with her. That was the way all the Bigness fell in love, as if struck by a pistol shot† (301). Armband has known Dsire for years and never felt any feelings for her, so it seems to reason that it was apparent that he was driven by his unconscious assign, or as Sigmund Freud says his lust for her and not as a deep seated emotional love. His prideful name leads us to believe his love is only superficial because he doesn’t care where she came from, his only concern was that she carried his last name. Desire was only his possession, not his wife. The passion that awoke in him that day, when he saw her at the gate, swept along like and avalanche†¦ He was reminded that she was nameless. What did that matter about a name when he could give her the oldest and proudest in Louisiana† (302)? Armband is selfish. He has it all, family name that seems to be compared to royalty, a wealthy plantation owner with vast slaves, all of which he’s normally cruel to except when he gets married and his prideful baby boy was born. Armband seemed kinder, gentler, and more tolerant. †¦ He hasn’t punished one of them-not one of them-since the baby is born. Even Engineering, who pretended to have burnt his leg that he might rest from work-he only laughed, and said Engineering was a great scamp† (302). Although his face has softened and his demeanor is less oppressive, still his only concern is the family name. Desire, the baby, and the slaves are still viewed to him as property and possessions, ones that are good or bad, but either way his name is upon them and whatever they do reflects his name. Once Armband realizes that his baby boy, the one to carry on his â€Å"name† was of African dissent, the baby and Desire were cast aside Waits 3 because they were no longer any use to him. Their worth was nothing to him any longer because his pride and heritage were at stake. Armband is a wealthy plantation owner, he courts, marries, and father’s a child, but in the end his pride leads him to ultimately turn his back on his family. The other major issue that â€Å"Desires Baby† brings to light is that of racism. Racism, with an indispensable set of truths-racism only victimizes all â€Å"possessions† in the South that lead to the ultimate superiority ideology. The superior ideology says that being black is an evil curse that must be stamped out. African Americans were considered inferior to the white culture which led to Desire and her baby’s destruction. Armband ruled with an iron fist as a cruel master in Southern legend. â€Å"Young Bigamy’s rule was a strict one, too, and under it is Negroes had forgotten how to be gay, as they had been during the old master’s easy-going and indulgent lifetime† (302). He was mean and enormously for how he treated his slaves and finally his wife. The baby, at three months old seemed to resemble La Blanches little squadron boy who was standing beside the baby fanning him to cool him off. â€Å"One of La Blanches little squadron boys-half naked too- stood fanning the child slowly with a fan of peacock feathers. Desires eyes had been fixed absently and sadly upon the baby, while she was striving to penetrate the heartening mist that she felt closing about her. She looked from the child to the boy who stood beside him, and back again.. T was a cry that she could not help†¦ She tried to speak to the little squadron boy; but no sound would come at first†¦ She stayed motionless, with gaze riveted upon on her child, and her face the picture of fright† (303). The quote shows the beginning of the end for the Abusing family. The superficial love that Armband had for Desire, was completely gone. The only thing left was the racist, black heart he had. Waits 4 Merriam Webster defines racism as a belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capabilities. Racism played a huge part in the story because once Armband found out that his baby boy had an African heritage, his whole attitude changed. His attitude towards the love of his life was cast aside along with her baby and hearts were broken. Armband assumed it was Desire that was not white, but in actuality, it was him who was not. â€Å"But, above all,† she wrote, â€Å"night and day, I thank the good God for having so arranged our lives that our dear Armband will never know hat his mother, who adores him, belongs to the race that is cursed with the brand of slavery† (305). The story has certain aspects of situational irony; such a reversal clearly shows that ideas of race, and the racism stemming from such ideas, are created by humans and humans alone. The use of situational irony in â€Å"Desires Baby’ is important because it makes the ending of discovering Armband’s origins much more powerful. The reader is somewhat confused as to the outcome of the irony because the reader thinks it’s Desires fault as well. The story begins with her not having a name and Armband giving her one of the oldest and proudest names in Louisiana. The irony of the situation was that Armband was expecting it to be Desires fault, but as it is clearly written, it was not. â€Å"Desires Baby† dealt with society’s issue of slavery, miscegenation, and the assignment and classification of race. Desire and her baby were victims of the â€Å"superior culture† of the times, but the situational irony where Armband blames Desire is profound in the sense that one can never be too certain of his or her heritage. How to cite Colorblind, Papers

Child labour and Early childhood - Primary education

Question: Discuss about child labour and early childhood / primary education? Answer: Child labour has become a severe problem for the society as the numbers have been increasing at an alarming rate. According to Munene and Ruto (2010), 211 million child workers can be found throughout the world who are within 14 years old. The child labour of age group 15-17 years can reach 141 million in future. The main challenge of child labour is associated with the Sub-Saharan African countries where the percentage of a child as a worker is 29 (Ikwuyatum 2010). However the developed countries are facing this problem at a smaller scale. In this context, the definition of the term child labour may be understood as the deprivation of childhood as well as loss of a child's right both physically and mentally. The condition of under aged working children in different sectors in the different countries may not be the same for every country. The labours attended the age of 18 years may be used in the hazardous industry. It becomes abolition of the children when they are used in those ha zardous works (World report on child labour 2013). Primary education is one of the significant rights of the children in their early childhood. United Nations Convention has modelled the program like Education for all. The program eyed to provide financial support in the underdeveloped countries. The program has the aim to educate people up to primary level. Thereby, the system of compulsory education to all children in the underdeveloped countries may provide children primary schooling. This has been considered as a remedy for reducing child labour in countries like Nigeria, where 40% of the workers are children (Ikwuyatum 2010). The argument has a proven record of accomplishment from the history of the industrial country in the 19th century (Holloway and Pimlott-Wilson 2011). Every country across the globe believes that implementation of compulsory education for children can abolish child labour. The availability of child labour can be reduced by engaging the children in the schoo ls during the school-hour. . However, some of the socialists have doubted the impact and effectiveness of compulsory primary education for the children in reducing the child workers (Haile and Haile 2012). They think that poverty and economic condition of the household influence to a greater extent. The appalling working conditions of children gave rise to many criticisms. Herath and Sharma (2007) opined that child labour deprived the children of their childhood. He extended his argument towards the economic and health-related exploitation for the child workers. The side-effects of using the child labours at working place reduce the overall rate of wages for the workers. It is also the reason of low wage rate and production cost in many countries throughout the globe. A child labour may work in the different sectors such as agriculture, household, construction and manufacturing. Society believes that working makes individuals responsible for themselves and their family. Therefore, the social scientists had divided the list of child labours into two categories - good and bad activities (Tetteh 2011). Children learn valuable skills at the workplace, which they can apply in their lives in future. It is a kind of education to them. The working children must gather practical educatio n from their workplaces. It worked as a catalyst to grow their mental strength as well as the economic condition (World report on child labour 2013). Feelings of the children may vary with respect to their work. The factor of working age or workable age for children varies from nation to nation. International Labour Organisation (ILO) Convention had mentioned 15 years as the standard for the minimum age for the children to work (Morrow and Vennam 2010). However, they may start at age 14 as an apprentice. The developed, as well as the developing countries, are following the same rule. However, the convention made age 13 (12 for developing countries) as the initial working age of light works. All the countries must maintain age 18 as the initial age for the labours to work in the hazardous industry (Morrow and Vennam 2010). The issue in child worker is not only their age, but also the types of activities they do in the industry. It has been observed that children are used in industries like construction, manufacturing, agricultural, fishing and domestic services where a broad range of activities are associated with these fields of workings. In the developing countries like India and Thailand the culture of the society, is to use the child labour in a variety of works. Munene and Ruto(2010) found that child labours are used in many of the informal sectors as their the restriction is lesser than that of the formal sector. The informal activities make the working of the children unofficial in front of the world and the authority. The informal industry has made the children work without any legal wages. Moreover, they are paid below the minimum line of wages. The jobs are unsecured and have no security in the form of health Bill, in the instance of an injury. However, a different scenario can be seen in the case of the formal sector, where using of child labour is restricted by the laws and regulations made by the government. Tetteh (2011) saw that trade unions were also a constraint in authorising the adult labours in the workplace. The skill also became a factor for the children to work in the formal sectors like heavy industry whereas the skilled labours were necessary for effective usage of the tools applicable to the sites. Finally, she also discovered that poor physical strength of the children also restricted them to work in the formal industry. The causes and the effect of using child labour in different sectors can be found in the past reviews made by various researchers. Holloway and Pimlott-Wilson (2011) found that many of the parents did not send their children to school to avoid the expenses on education. Therefore, he mentioned that the government had to provide the primary level of education free of cost. This scheme might encourage the parents to send their children to school. The policy of the government was solely responsible for the rural and the economically poor region for sending the children to the schools. The researchers had found that attendance at the primary level classes in many countries was high by virtue of the free classes and the support that the poor received (Kevin 2005). The support for food and basic educational materials can be provided free of cost with education at the primary level by the nation. The policy has become very popular in developing countries like India. This has enabled in the mitigation and eradication of numerous social evils as found by the researchers (Kondylis and Manacorda 2012). The society has witnessed of increasing numbers of studies to understand the value created by free education up to primary level. The support provided to the poor families to educate their children had created the values in society. It has reduced social problems like child labour to a great extent (Ray 2002). There are numerable informal services sectors present which are using children as their primary workforce. The results may be against the official laws as well as the nourishment of the childhood. The many researchers have observed the widespread use of the children in domestic service in the Asian countries. Ahmmed, Sharma and Deppeler(2012) have found that girls are widely used in the domestic services like house cleaning, cooking, washing and taking care of the sick. These child labours are working without any social or employment protection in the domestic services. They are also vulnerable to any exploitation or abusive behaviour from their employers. Shoe-polishing and gathering saleable objects from the garbage are some activities in the informal sector where child labours is used (Brasted and Wright 1996). More examples can be observed from developing countries as the instances are increasing in spite of economic growth in the countries. In Northeast Brazil, the children serv ed as water carriers to homes. The age of these, children are within 10-14 years (Bromley and Mackie 2009). The older children typically start working by selling flowers and objects (cigarettes, candy, newspapers and household goods) on the streets. The children may be self-employed or may serve their relatives at their workplaces (Thabet et al., 2010). However, the scenario is worse for the girls as they work as prostitutes, drug peddlers and beggars in many places. The children become earning member after age 12 in the family in the North-eastern region of the country. It is the customs and culture to contribute economically after a child attend the age 9 (World report on child labour 2013). The quality of the basic education may bring harmony in the society to reduce the differences and inequalities in the society. The policy is the yield of the movement of World Conference on Education in 1990. The main objective of this movement was to reduce the illiteracy level. However, Le et al. (2013) found that this movement has been effectively used for reducing the child labour, child trafficking and exploitation related to the children in the society. The program Education for all had the various challenges. The challenges were not limited to make the society illiterate-free. The empirical studies of many researchers have supported this movement as it has been used to decrease the rate of child labour per year in many countries. We may understand the scenario of education and child labour in African region from the following example. Nigeria accounts for 6 million child labour in the country (Ikwuyatum 2010). The girls dropped out from school or never attended the place of education are working in different sectors. The age of those girls are below 15 (Ikwuyatum 2010). The reason is poverty and the social inequality. Therefore, since early childhood these girls are engaged in contributing to the family and its income regularly. Teichert (2015) observed that child hood of the girls were deprived due to earning for their families. They faced the challenges like malnutrition and infertility in future. The country has witnessed that more than 8 million children work in order to raise funds for their schooling expenses (Ikwuyatum 2010). The cases of school dropout was higher than that of starting the program Education for all in the country. The enrolment rate in the primary classes was relatively low while 43.5% of the primary students enrolled to commit in the higher classes (Ikwuyatum 2010). The progress was observed in this context after implementing UPE in the country. Others scheme in this regard were UBE and EFA. The UBE was enacted from 1999 in the country in which first nine years of the schooling was free. The mass school enrolment was observed after introducing free lunch in the schools for the pupil. The students enrolled in the classes were provided with free basic educational materials and the textbooks. It helped the programme to secure the importance in the society as well as encourage the parents of the children to enrol their child in the schools. The similar condition had been witnessed in Ethiopia where the school enrolment rate was one of the lowest in the world (Ikwuyatum 2010). The recent survey had expressed the concern regarding the school attendance in Ethiopia by the children. The attendance rate in the schools was only 38% of the entire population. According to the survey it was observed that 40% of the age between the years 13 and 17 had never gone to school (Ikwuyatum 2010). The possible solution to reduce the child workers in the society was found to implement the primary education compulsory for the under aged children. It also provided the society relief from many concerns such as violation of human rights on the female and children as well. Laborda Castillo, Sotelsek Salem and Sarr (2014) found that school dropouts among the female were high due to poverty in the family. He argued for different ways to generate income so that poverty can be reduced in the entire society. Girls in the society may become strong part of the system while introducing to education to them. They may become strong economically as well as physically by having basic education. In this way, they might gain confidence for their livelihood. It reduces the social problems such as girls trafficking and physical violation against them. The education and school attendance of the female in the society have improved the situation in the rural areas. In addition to this, the issue relat ed to child labour can be controlled in this manner. Dal Santo, Bowling and Harris (2010) found that the girls were heavily engaged in the household labours. The informal segment of child labour was the main resource of child molestation and sexual violation against the young women. However, providing food and study materials free of cost by the nation may become a solution to this problem. The countries like Nigeria and India have enjoyed success of implementing the policy in reducing the child labour through its mission of educating all in the society. In the peak agricultural season, the attendance of student might be low in the schools of rural area. Children of both genders used in agriculture as the helping hand to reduce the expenses of agriculture. There has been a shift in the focus due to the increase in the occurrences of sexual abuse and exploitation faced by such children across the globe. The anti-social elements of the society such as the mafia in the developed and developing countries are using young children for sexual gratification. Abuya, Oketch and Musyoka (2013) observed that street children were overtly used in such occupation by coercion used by such anti-social elements who have the support of the local authority. He expressed the situation as the loss of childhood and development of disordered psychology for the next generation. The topic of child labour could be controversial in the context of different countries. The discussion from the different researchers has made it clear that the situation is almost same for any country despite having different cultural background. Children has become an instrument to reduce the expenses of the activities in various fields. The circumstances can be found vigorously in the developing countries where the labour payment has become an issue for the investors. However, the informal sector is the main employer of the child workforce. The numbers are unknown. Moreover the cases of molestation, abusive torture and sexual exploitation are high. The social scientists have argued for applying low level of child-labours in the formal sectors. They have found that many authorities scanned the system to prevent the management to use children as labour. The unions also play a great level of authority in reducing the child labour in the formal industry. Primary education may nourish the childhood of children. It can protect them from external harmony as well. However, the main problem exists with the expenses related to education in the underdeveloped countries where the parents are reluctant to send their children to the school. Therefore, the government has to provide subsidies like free class, reading materials and food to draw the children to the schools. In this way, the rate of attendance in the schools in primary level can be increased as well as the mission of Education for all can be successfully implemented. References Abuya, B., Oketch, M. and Musyoka, P., 2013. Why do pupils dropout when education is free? Explaining school dropout among the urban poor in Nairobi.Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education, 43(6), pp.740-762. Ahmmed, M., Sharma, U. and Deppeler, J., 2012.Variables affecting teachers' attitudes towards inclusive education in Bangladesh.Journal of Research in Special Educational Needs, 12(3), pp.132-140. Anon, 2013.World report on child labour.Geneva: International Labour Office. Brasted, H. and Wright, D., 1996. Why worry about child labour?.Asian Studies Review, 19(3), pp.53-58. Bromley, R. and Mackie, P., 2009. Child experiences as street traders in Peru: contributing to a reappraisal for working children.Children's Geographies, 7(2), pp.141-158. Dal Santo, J., Bowling, J. and Harris, T., 2010. Effects of Work Permits on Illegal Employment Among Youth Workers: Findings of a School-Based Survey on Child Labor Violations. Am J Public Health, 100(4), pp.635-637. Haile, G. and Haile, B., 2012. Child labour and child schooling in rural Ethiopia: nature and trade-off. Education Economics, 20(4), pp.365-385. Herath, G. and Sharma, K., 2007. Child labour in South Asia. Aldershot, England: Ashgate. Holloway, S. and Pimlott-Wilson, H., 2011. The politics of aspiration: neo-liberal education policy, low parental aspirations, and primary school Extended Services in disadvantaged communities. Children's Geographies, 9(1), pp.79-94. Ikwuyatum, G.O., Child Labour and The Progress Towards The Attainment of the Education For All (EFA) Goals in Nigeria, 2010. kerin, R., 2005. Book Review: New Literacies: Changing Knowledge and Classroom Learning, What Video Games Have to Teach Us about Learning and Literacy, Multimodal Literacy.Journal of Early Childhood Literacy, 5(2), pp.175-184. Kondylis, F. and Manacorda, M., 2012.School Proximity and Child Labor: Evidence from Rural Tanzania.Journal of Human Resources, 47(1), pp.32-63. Laborda Castillo, L., Sotelsek Salem, D. and Sarr, L., 2014. The Effect of Poverty, Gender Exclusion, and Child Labor on Out-of-School Rates for Female Children.Journal of Research in Childhood Education, 28(2), pp.162-181. Le, H., Hodgkins, P., Postma, M., Kahle, J., Sikirica, V., Setyawan, J., Erder, M. and Doshi, J., 2013.Economic impact of childhood/adolescent ADHD in a European setting: the Netherlands as a reference case.European Child Adolescent Psychiatry, 23(7), pp.587-598. Morrow, V. and Vennam, U., 2010.Combining Work and School: The Dynamics of Girls Involvement in Agricultural Work in Andhra Pradesh, India.Children Society, 24(4), pp.304-314. Munene, I. and Ruto, S., 2010. The Right to Education for Children in Domestic Labour: Empirical Evidence from Kenya.International Review of Education, 56(1), pp.127-147. Ray, J., 2002. Constructivism and classroom teachers: What can early childhood teacher educators do to support the constructivist journey?.Journal of Early Childhood Teacher Education, 23(4), pp.319-325. Soares, R., Kruger, D. and Berthelon, M., 2012.Household Choices of Child Labor and Schooling: A Simple Model with Application to Brazil.Journal of Human Resources, 47(1), pp.1-31. Teichert, L., 2015. Wohlwend K, Literacy playshop: new literacies, popular media, and play in the early childhood classroom.Journal of Early Childhood Literacy, 15(1), pp.141-144. Tetteh, P., 2011. Child Domestic Labour in (Accra) Ghana: A Child and Gender Rights Issue?.The International Journal of Children's Rights, 19(2), pp.217-232. Thabet, A., Matar, S., Carpintero, A., Bankart, J. and Vostanis, P., 2010.Mental health problems among labour children in the Gaza Strip.Child: Care, Health and Development, 37(1), pp.89-95.